El comando rsync

El comando rsync sustituye al obsoleto rcp (remote-copy). Se trata de un comando de gran flexibilidad, permite encriptar las trasferencias de datos a través de ssh, permite realizar copias desde una máquina local a una remota (y viceversa), de local a local, y entre servidores rsync.

Lo que diferencia a rsync de otros comandos o utilidades es que usa un algoritmo mediante el cual, cuando se copian datos, solamente se copian aquellos que han sido modificados o que han cambiado desde la última vez que se copiaron. Si un fichero a cambiado solamente copiará aquellos datos diferentes entre el fichero antiguo y el nuevo. Esto supone un ahorro considerable de ancho de banda, tiempo y carga del sistema.

Como siempre, toda la información y opciones de rsync en su página man:

man rsync

Os dejo algunos ejemplos para que os vayáis familiarizando con la herramienta, esto y mucho más en la web oficial de rsync.

backup a un servidor de backups central cada 7 días de forma incremental

#!/bin/sh

# This script does personal backups to a rsync backup server. You will end up
# with a 7 day rotating incremental backup. The incrementals will go
# into subdirectories named after the day of the week, and the current
# full backup goes into a directory called "current"
# tridge@linuxcare.com

# directory to backup
BDIR=/home/$USER

# excludes file - this contains a wildcard pattern per line of files to exclude
EXCLUDES=$HOME/cron/excludes

# the name of the backup machine
BSERVER=owl

# your password on the backup server
export RSYNC_PASSWORD=XXXXXX

########################################################################

BACKUPDIR=`date +%A`
OPTS="--force --ignore-errors --delete-excluded --exclude-from=$EXCLUDES
      --delete --backup --backup-dir=/$BACKUPDIR -a"

export PATH=$PATH:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin

# the following line clears the last weeks incremental directory
[ -d $HOME/emptydir ] || mkdir $HOME/emptydir
rsync --delete -a $HOME/emptydir/ $BSERVER::$USER/$BACKUPDIR/
rmdir $HOME/emptydir

# now the actual transfer
rsync $OPTS $BDIR $BSERVER::$USER/current

Backup a un disco spare

I do local backups on several of my machines using rsync. I have an
extra disk installed that can hold all the contents of the main
disk. I then have a nightly cron job that backs up the main disk to
the backup. This is the script I use on one of those machines.

    #!/bin/sh

    export PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

    LIST="rootfs usr data data2"

    for d in $LIST; do
	mount /backup/$d
	rsync -ax --exclude fstab --delete /$d/ /backup/$d/
	umount /backup/$d
    done

    DAY=`date "+%A"`

    rsync -a --delete /usr/local/apache /data2/backups/$DAY
    rsync -a --delete /data/solid /data2/backups/$DAY

The first part does the backup on the spare disk. The second part
backs up the critical parts to daily directories.  I also backup the
critical parts using a rsync over ssh to a remote machine.

mirroring vger CVS tree

The vger.rutgers.edu cvs tree is mirrored onto cvs.samba.org via
anonymous rsync using the following script.

    #!/bin/bash

    cd /var/www/cvs/vger/
    PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/freeware/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

    RUN=`lps x | grep rsync | grep -v grep | wc -l`
    if [ "$RUN" -gt 0 ]; then
	    echo already running
	    exit 1
    fi

    rsync -az vger.rutgers.edu::cvs/CVSROOT/ChangeLog $HOME/ChangeLog

    sum1=`sum $HOME/ChangeLog`
    sum2=`sum /var/www/cvs/vger/CVSROOT/ChangeLog`

    if [ "$sum1" = "$sum2" ]; then
	    echo nothing to do
	    exit 0
    fi

    rsync -az --delete --force vger.rutgers.edu::cvs/ /var/www/cvs/vger/
    exit 0

Note in particular the initial rsync of the ChangeLog to determine if
anything has changed. This could be omitted but it would mean that the
rsyncd on vger would have to build a complete listing of the cvs area
at each run. As most of the time nothing will have changed I wanted to
save the time on vger by only doing a full rsync if the ChangeLog has
changed. This helped quite a lot because vger is low on memory and
generally quite heavily loaded, so doing a listing on such a large
tree every hour would have been excessive.

Backup automatizado de home

I use rsync to backup my wifes home directory across a modem link each
night. The cron job looks like this

    #!/bin/sh
    cd ~susan
    {
    echo
    date
    dest=~/backup/`date +%A`
    mkdir $dest.new
    find . -xdev -type f \( -mtime 0 -or -mtime 1 \) -exec cp -aPv "{}"
    $dest.new \;
    cnt=`find $dest.new -type f | wc -l`
    if [ $cnt -gt 0 ]; then
      rm -rf $dest
      mv $dest.new $dest
    fi
    rm -rf $dest.new
    rsync -Cavze ssh . samba:backup
    } >> ~/backup/backup.log 2>&1

note that most of this script isn't anything to do with rsync, it just
creates a daily backup of Susans work in a ~susan/backup/ directory so
she can retrieve any version from the last week. The last line does
the rsync of her directory across the modem link to the host
samba. Note that I am using the -C option which allows me to add
entries to .cvsignore for stuff that doesn't need to be backed up.