La sintaxis básica para hacer la llamada a FTP dentro de un script en bash es la siguiente:

ftp -inv direccion_ip<<FINFTP
comando1
comando2
comando3
FINFTP

Comenzamos explicando los parámetros que pasamos al binario FTP,

sirve para desactivar el prompt interactivo,

sirve para impedir que se use la auto-autenticación, podéis quitarlo si vais a usar el acceso automático a través de .netrc, finalmente

es para verbose.

Posteriormente, dentro de la llamada a FTP ya se trata de añadir los comandos que cada uno necesite, en el siguiente ejemplo nos conectamos con usuario test y clave t3st al ftp 192.168.0.100 y subimos dos ficheros desde la carpeta local /home/local hacia la carpeta remota /.

#!/bin/bash
ftp -inv 192.168.0.100<<FINFTP
       user test t3st
       binary
       lcd /home/local
       cd /home/download
       put fichero1.txt
       put fichero2.txt
       bye
FINFTP

También te puede interesar:

• Gestión de trabajos en BASH (jobs, fg, bg, &…)
• Colección definitiva de chuletas Linux-Unix
• Diferencias entre soft (symbolic) y hard links
• Permisos especiales (setuid, setgid, sticky bit)

iptables example rulesets

Accept-all policy (Aceptar todo)

#!/usr/bin/env iptables-restore
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT
*filter
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT
*raw
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT

Minima:

#!/usr/bin/env iptables-restore
*filter
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
COMMIT

Aceptar SSH para un solo host:

#!/usr/bin/env iptables-restore
*filter
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 1.8.9.7 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
COMMIT

Muchas más en el enlace mencionado anteriormente.

También te puede interesar:

• Introducción a iptables
• Bloquear con IPTABLES el tráfico desde/hacia una dirección IP
• Como instalar y configurar el firewall APF
• pfSense: Firewall Open Source basado en FreeBSD

Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide

También te puede interesar:

• Login Linux: diferencia entre ‘su’ y ‘su -’
• /usr/sbin y /sbin no están en $PATH al hacer su
• Bash y SSH: establecer timeout por inactividad
• Comando DATE en bash: sumar y restar años, días o meses a la fecha actual

AWK es ejemplo de un lenguaje de programación que usa ampliamente el tipo de datos de listas asociativas (es decir, listas indexadas por cadenas clave), y expresiones regulares. El poder, brevedad y limitaciones de los programas de AWK y los guiones de sed inspiraron a Larry Wall a escribir Perl. Debido a su densa notación, todos estos lenguajes son frecuentemente usados para escribir programas de una línea.

AWK fue una de las primeras herramientas en aparecer en Unix (en la versión 3) y ganó popularidad como una manera de añadir funcionalidad a las tuberías de Unix. La implementación de alguna versión del lenguaje AWK es estándar en casi todo sistema operativo tipo unix moderno. AWK es mencionado en las Single UNIX Specification (especificaciones básicas de unix) como una de las utilidades necesarias de todo sistema operativo Unix. Se pueden instalar implementaciones de AWK en casi todos los demás sistemas operativos.

Wikipedia

En esta entrega vamos a explicar un uso básico y sencillo del comando AWK, que nos permitirá añadir funcionalidades muy interesantes al trabajo con tuberías en Unix y a la gestión de impresión de texto con el comando print.

Vamos a empezar con lo más simple, utilizar awk para imprimir por pantalla el contenido de un fichero de texto, tomamos como ejemplo el fichero /etc/hosts

 awk '{ print }' /etc/hosts

Sacará por pantalla el contenido del fichero:

127.0.0.1	localhost
93.93.112.55	rm-rf.es www.rm-rf.es
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts

Entrando en materia, pongamonos en la situación de que necesitamos imprimir solamente la 1ª columna del fichero de texto. Awk toma por defecto como separador el espacio (o tabulación), así que para hacerlo haremos lo siguiente:

$ awk '{ print $1 }' /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1
93.93.112.55
#
::1
fe00::0
ff00::0
ff02::1
ff02::2
ff02::3

Hay que tener en cuenta que los valores especificados con el print($0,$1,$2…) representan cada una de las columnas en las que dividimos una línea. En caso de especificar $0, imprimiremos la línea completa:

$ awk '{ print $0 }' /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1	localhost
93.93.112.55	rm-rf.es www.rm-rf.es
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts

Ya que hablamos del separador, podemos especificarlo añadiendolo con -F “”. Un ejemplo, queremos mostrar solamente la 1ª columna, pero tomando como separador el signo “:”

 $ awk -F ":" '{ print $1 }' /etc/hosts

fe00
ff00
ff02
ff02
ff02

Y si quisieramos la 3ª columna:

 $ awk -F ":" '{ print $3 }' /etc/hosts

1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
0 ip6-localnet
0 ip6-mcastprefix
1 ip6-allnodes
2 ip6-allrouters
3 ip6-allhosts

Por supuesto podemos imprimir por pantalla varias columnas, añadir texto, etc. Ejemplo (he filtrado ciertas líneas con “grep” para que el resultado sea más limpio):

$ awk  '{ print "La IP:\t" $1 " hace referencia al dominio " $2 }' /etc/hosts | grep -v "::" | grep -v "#"
La IP: 127.0.0.1 hace referencia al dominio localhost
La IP: 93.93.112.55 hace referencia al dominio rm-rf.es

Awk permite el uso de expresiones regulares para ejecutar selectivamente los bloques de código que concuerdan con la expresión regular. así como condicionales, variables numéricas y strings, operadores, etc. Para profundizar en ello revisar las fuentes de artículo al final del mismo.

Pasando a algún ejemplo práctico útil para la administración de sistemas:

ls *php | awk '{print "mv "$0" /home/alex/temporal/"$0".bak"}' | bash

En este ejemplo, lo primero que hacemos es listas todos los fichero php de una determinada carpeta (ls *php), posteriormente construimos con awk, el comando que queremos ejecutar para cada línea del fichero, en este caso,mover cada uno de los ficheros que sacamos con ls a una nueva ruta y renombrado a .bak:

mv index.php /home/alex/temporal/index.php.bak
mv test.php /home/alex/temporal/test.php.bak
mv prueba.php /home/alex/temporal/prueba.php.bak

Lo que hacemos es simplemente imprimir por pantalla dichas líneas. Como lo que queremos es ejecutarlas, con un pipe “|” hacemos que se ejecute con la orden “bash”.

Así, con una simple línea hemos renombrado a “.bak” todos los ficheros de una carpeta y una determinada extensión y movido a otra ubicación.

Unos cuantos ejemplos más:

# Imprimir dos campos en orden inverso
  awk '{ print $2, $1 }' fichero

# Imprimir líneas con más de 72 caracteres
  awk 'length > 72' fichero

# Imprimir la longitud de la string de la segunda columna del fichero
  awk '{print length($2)}' fichero

# Añadir una columna e imprimir la suma y media:
       { s += $1 }
  END  { print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR }

# Imprimir registros en orden inverso
  awk '{ for (i = NF; i > 0; --i) print $i }' file

# Imprimir la última línea
      {line = $0}
  END {print line}

Muchos más ejemplos.

Tened en cuenta que muchos de estos ejemplos, al ser un poco más complejos, deben ser insertados en un fichero script con extensión .awk para ser ejecutados, utilizando la opción -f:

awk -f script.awk fichero

Referencias:

- IBM Awk
- The GNU Awk User’s Guide
- Hartigan/Computer/Awk

También te puede interesar:

• AWK: imprimir a partir de una expresión regular hasta el final del fichero
• Comando para saber en número de conexiones y direcciones IP en un puerto/servicio Linux

Definición:

Sed es un potente comando unix que permite realizar multiples acciones sobre ficheros de texto (realmente sobre cualquier tipo de fichero) de forma que podemos realizar entre muchas otras cosas conversiones de formatos (DOS <-> Unix), emular otros comandos unix (head, tail, wc, grep, …), etc.

Y la recopilación de scripts, si preferís descargarla pinchad aquí:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
USEFUL ONE-LINE SCRIPTS FOR SED (Unix stream editor)        Dec. 29, 2005
Compiled by Eric Pement - pemente[at]northpark[dot]edu        version 5.5

Latest version of this file (in English) is usually at:

http://sed.sourceforge.net/sed1line.txt

http://www.pement.org/sed/sed1line.txt

FILE SPACING:

 # double space a file
 sed G

 # double space a file which already has blank lines in it. Output file
 # should contain no more than one blank line between lines of text.
 sed '/^$/d;G'

 # triple space a file
 sed 'G;G'

 # undo double-spacing (assumes even-numbered lines are always blank)
 sed 'n;d'

 # insert a blank line above every line which matches "regex"
 sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}'

 # insert a blank line below every line which matches "regex"
 sed '/regex/G'

 # insert a blank line above and below every line which matches "regex"
 sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}'

NUMBERING:

 # number each line of a file (simple left alignment). Using a tab (see
 # note on '\t' at end of file) instead of space will preserve margins.
 sed = filename | sed 'N;s/\n/\t/'

 # number each line of a file (number on left, right-aligned)
 sed = filename | sed 'N; s/^/     /; s/ *\(.\{6,\}\)\n/\1  /'

 # number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank
 sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /'

 # count lines (emulates "wc -l")
 sed -n '$='

TEXT CONVERSION AND SUBSTITUTION:

 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format.
 sed 's/.$//'               # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF
 sed 's/^M$//'              # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M
 sed 's/\x0D$//'            # works on ssed, gsed 3.02.80 or higher

 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format.
 sed "s/$/`echo -e \\\r`/"            # command line under ksh
 sed 's/$'"/`echo \\\r`/"             # command line under bash
 sed "s/$/`echo \\\r`/"               # command line under zsh
 sed 's/$/\r/'                        # gsed 3.02.80 or higher

 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format.
 sed "s/$//"                          # method 1
 sed -n p                             # method 2

 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format.
 # Can only be done with UnxUtils sed, version 4.0.7 or higher. The
 # UnxUtils version can be identified by the custom "--text" switch
 # which appears when you use the "--help" switch. Otherwise, changing
 # DOS newlines to Unix newlines cannot be done with sed in a DOS
 # environment. Use "tr" instead.
 sed "s/\r//" infile >outfile         # UnxUtils sed v4.0.7 or higher
 tr -d \r outfile            # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher

 # delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line
 # aligns all text flush left
 sed 's/^[ \t]*//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

 # delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line
 sed 's/[ \t]*$//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

 # delete BOTH leading and trailing whitespace from each line
 sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

 # insert 5 blank spaces at beginning of each line (make page offset)
 sed 's/^/     /'

 # align all text flush right on a 79-column width
 sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,78\}$/ &/;ta'  # set at 78 plus 1 space

 # center all text in the middle of 79-column width. In method 1,
 # spaces at the beginning of the line are significant, and trailing
 # spaces are appended at the end of the line. In method 2, spaces at
 # the beginning of the line are discarded in centering the line, and
 # no trailing spaces appear at the end of lines.
 sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ & /;ta'                     # method 1
 sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ &/;ta' -e 's/\( *\)\1/\1/'  # method 2

 # substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line
 sed 's/foo/bar/'             # replaces only 1st instance in a line
 sed 's/foo/bar/4'            # replaces only 4th instance in a line
 sed 's/foo/bar/g'            # replaces ALL instances in a line
 sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case
 sed 's/\(.*\)foo/\1bar/'            # replace only the last case

 # substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz"
 sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

 # substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz"
 sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

 # change "scarlet" or "ruby" or "puce" to "red"
 sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g'   # most seds
 gsed 's/scarlet\|ruby\|puce/red/g'                # GNU sed only

 # reverse order of lines (emulates "tac")
 # bug/feature in HHsed v1.5 causes blank lines to be deleted
 sed '1!G;h;$!d'               # method 1
 sed -n '1!G;h;$p'             # method 2

 # reverse each character on the line (emulates "rev")
 sed '/\n/!G;s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

 # join pairs of lines side-by-side (like "paste")
 sed '$!N;s/\n/ /'

 # if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it
 sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'

 # if a line begins with an equal sign, append it to the previous line
 # and replace the "=" with a single space
 sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D'

 # add commas to numeric strings, changing "1234567" to "1,234,567"
 gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/;ta'                     # GNU sed
 sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta'  # other seds

 # add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs (GNU sed)
 gsed -r ':a;s/(^|[^0-9.])([0-9]+)([0-9]{3})/\1\2,\3/g;ta'

 # add a blank line every 5 lines (after lines 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.)
 gsed '0~5G'                  # GNU sed only
 sed 'n;n;n;n;G;'             # other seds

SELECTIVE PRINTING OF CERTAIN LINES:

 # print first 10 lines of file (emulates behavior of "head")
 sed 10q

 # print first line of file (emulates "head -1")
 sed q

 # print the last 10 lines of a file (emulates "tail")
 sed -e :a -e '$q;N;11,$D;ba'

 # print the last 2 lines of a file (emulates "tail -2")
 sed '$!N;$!D'

 # print the last line of a file (emulates "tail -1")
 sed '$!d'                    # method 1
 sed -n '$p'                  # method 2

 # print the next-to-the-last line of a file
 sed -e '$!{h;d;}' -e x              # for 1-line files, print blank line
 sed -e '1{$q;}' -e '$!{h;d;}' -e x  # for 1-line files, print the line
 sed -e '1{$d;}' -e '$!{h;d;}' -e x  # for 1-line files, print nothing

 # print only lines which match regular expression (emulates "grep")
 sed -n '/regexp/p'           # method 1
 sed '/regexp/!d'             # method 2

 # print only lines which do NOT match regexp (emulates "grep -v")
 sed -n '/regexp/!p'          # method 1, corresponds to above
 sed '/regexp/d'              # method 2, simpler syntax

 # print the line immediately before a regexp, but not the line
 # containing the regexp
 sed -n '/regexp/{g;1!p;};h'

 # print the line immediately after a regexp, but not the line
 # containing the regexp
 sed -n '/regexp/{n;p;}'

 # print 1 line of context before and after regexp, with line number
 # indicating where the regexp occurred (similar to "grep -A1 -B1")
 sed -n -e '/regexp/{=;x;1!p;g;$!N;p;D;}' -e h

 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)
 sed '/AAA/!d; /BBB/!d; /CCC/!d'

 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in that order)
 sed '/AAA.*BBB.*CCC/!d'

 # grep for AAA or BBB or CCC (emulates "egrep")
 sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d    # most seds
 gsed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/!d'                        # GNU sed only

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA (blank lines separate paragraphs)
 # HHsed v1.5 must insert a 'G;' after 'x;' in the next 3 scripts below
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;'

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;/BBB/!d;/CCC/!d'

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA or BBB or CCC
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d
 gsed '/./{H;$!d;};x;/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d'         # GNU sed only

 # print only lines of 65 characters or longer
 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/p'

 # print only lines of less than 65 characters
 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/!p'        # method 1, corresponds to above
 sed '/^.\{65\}/d'            # method 2, simpler syntax

 # print section of file from regular expression to end of file
 sed -n '/regexp/,$p'

 # print section of file based on line numbers (lines 8-12, inclusive)
 sed -n '8,12p'               # method 1
 sed '8,12!d'                 # method 2

 # print line number 52
 sed -n '52p'                 # method 1
 sed '52!d'                   # method 2
 sed '52q;d'                  # method 3, efficient on large files

 # beginning at line 3, print every 7th line
 gsed -n '3~7p'               # GNU sed only
 sed -n '3,${p;n;n;n;n;n;n;}' # other seds

 # print section of file between two regular expressions (inclusive)
 sed -n '/Iowa/,/Montana/p'             # case sensitive

SELECTIVE DELETION OF CERTAIN LINES:

 # print all of file EXCEPT section between 2 regular expressions
 sed '/Iowa/,/Montana/d'

 # delete duplicate, consecutive lines from a file (emulates "uniq").
 # First line in a set of duplicate lines is kept, rest are deleted.
 sed '$!N; /^\(.*\)\n\1$/!P; D'

 # delete duplicate, nonconsecutive lines from a file. Beware not to
 # overflow the buffer size of the hold space, or else use GNU sed.
 sed -n 'G; s/\n/&&/; /^\([ -~]*\n\).*\n\1/d; s/\n//; h; P'

 # delete all lines except duplicate lines (emulates "uniq -d").
 sed '$!N; s/^\(.*\)\n\1$/\1/; t; D'

 # delete the first 10 lines of a file
 sed '1,10d'

 # delete the last line of a file
 sed '$d'

 # delete the last 2 lines of a file
 sed 'N;$!P;$!D;$d'

 # delete the last 10 lines of a file
 sed -e :a -e '$d;N;2,10ba' -e 'P;D'   # method 1
 sed -n -e :a -e '1,10!{P;N;D;};N;ba'  # method 2

 # delete every 8th line
 gsed '0~8d'                           # GNU sed only
 sed 'n;n;n;n;n;n;n;d;'                # other seds

 # delete lines matching pattern
 sed '/pattern/d'

 # delete ALL blank lines from a file (same as "grep '.' ")
 sed '/^$/d'                           # method 1
 sed '/./!d'                           # method 2

 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first; also
 # deletes all blank lines from top and end of file (emulates "cat -s")
 sed '/./,/^$/!d'          # method 1, allows 0 blanks at top, 1 at EOF
 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/D'        # method 2, allows 1 blank at top, 0 at EOF

 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first 2:
 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/N;//D'

 # delete all leading blank lines at top of file
 sed '/./,$!d'

 # delete all trailing blank lines at end of file
 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/{$d;N;ba' -e '}'  # works on all seds
 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/N;/\n$/ba'        # ditto, except for gsed 3.02.*

 # delete the last line of each paragraph
 sed -n '/^$/{p;h;};/./{x;/./p;}'

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:

 # remove nroff overstrikes (char, backspace) from man pages. The 'echo'
 # command may need an -e switch if you use Unix System V or bash shell.
 sed "s/.`echo \\\b`//g"    # double quotes required for Unix environment
 sed 's/.^H//g'             # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V and then Ctrl-H
 sed 's/.\x08//g'           # hex expression for sed 1.5, GNU sed, ssed

 # get Usenet/e-mail message header
 sed '/^$/q'                # deletes everything after first blank line

 # get Usenet/e-mail message body
 sed '1,/^$/d'              # deletes everything up to first blank line

 # get Subject header, but remove initial "Subject: " portion
 sed '/^Subject: */!d; s///;q'

 # get return address header
 sed '/^Reply-To:/q; /^From:/h; /./d;g;q'

 # parse out the address proper. Pulls out the e-mail address by itself
 # from the 1-line return address header (see preceding script)
 sed 's/ *(.*)//; s/>.*//; s/.*[:<] *//'

 # add a leading angle bracket and space to each line (quote a message)
 sed 's/^/> /'

 # delete leading angle bracket & space from each line (unquote a message)
 sed 's/^> //'

 # remove most HTML tags (accommodates multiple-line tags)
 sed -e :a -e 's/<[^>]*>//g;/zipup.bat
 dir /b *.txt | sed "s/^\(.*\)\.TXT/pkzip -mo \1 \1.TXT/" >>zipup.bat

TYPICAL USE: Sed takes one or more editing commands and applies all of
them, in sequence, to each line of input. After all the commands have
been applied to the first input line, that line is output and a second
input line is taken for processing, and the cycle repeats. The
preceding examples assume that input comes from the standard input
device (i.e, the console, normally this will be piped input). One or
more filenames can be appended to the command line if the input does
not come from stdin. Output is sent to stdout (the screen). Thus:

 cat filename | sed '10q'        # uses piped input
 sed '10q' filename              # same effect, avoids a useless "cat"
 sed '10q' filename > newfile    # redirects output to disk

For additional syntax instructions, including the way to apply editing
commands from a disk file instead of the command line, consult "sed &
awk, 2nd Edition," by Dale Dougherty and Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly,
1997; http://www.ora.com), "UNIX Text Processing," by Dale Dougherty
and Tim O'Reilly (Hayden Books, 1987) or the tutorials by Mike Arst
distributed in U-SEDIT2.ZIP (many sites). To fully exploit the power
of sed, one must understand "regular expressions." For this, see
"Mastering Regular Expressions" by Jeffrey Friedl (O'Reilly, 1997).
The manual ("man") pages on Unix systems may be helpful (try "man
sed", "man regexp", or the subsection on regular expressions in "man
ed"), but man pages are notoriously difficult. They are not written to
teach sed use or regexps to first-time users, but as a reference text
for those already acquainted with these tools.

QUOTING SYNTAX: The preceding examples use single quotes ('...')
instead of double quotes ("...") to enclose editing commands, since
sed is typically used on a Unix platform. Single quotes prevent the
Unix shell from intrepreting the dollar sign ($) and backquotes
(`...`), which are expanded by the shell if they are enclosed in
double quotes. Users of the "csh" shell and derivatives will also need
to quote the exclamation mark (!) with the backslash (i.e., \!) to
properly run the examples listed above, even within single quotes.
Versions of sed written for DOS invariably require double quotes
("...") instead of single quotes to enclose editing commands.

USE OF '\t' IN SED SCRIPTS: For clarity in documentation, we have used
the expression '\t' to indicate a tab character (0x09) in the scripts.
However, most versions of sed do not recognize the '\t' abbreviation,
so when typing these scripts from the command line, you should press
the TAB key instead. '\t' is supported as a regular expression
metacharacter in awk, perl, and HHsed, sedmod, and GNU sed v3.02.80.

VERSIONS OF SED: Versions of sed do differ, and some slight syntax
variation is to be expected. In particular, most do not support the
use of labels (:name) or branch instructions (b,t) within editing
commands, except at the end of those commands. We have used the syntax
which will be portable to most users of sed, even though the popular
GNU versions of sed allow a more succinct syntax. When the reader sees
a fairly long command such as this:

   sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d

it is heartening to know that GNU sed will let you reduce it to:

   sed '/AAA/b;/BBB/b;/CCC/b;d'      # or even
   sed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d'

In addition, remember that while many versions of sed accept a command
like "/one/ s/RE1/RE2/", some do NOT allow "/one/! s/RE1/RE2/", which
contains space before the 's'. Omit the space when typing the command.

OPTIMIZING FOR SPEED: If execution speed needs to be increased (due to
large input files or slow processors or hard disks), substitution will
be executed more quickly if the "find" expression is specified before
giving the "s/.../.../" instruction. Thus:

   sed 's/foo/bar/g' filename         # standard replace command
   sed '/foo/ s/foo/bar/g' filename   # executes more quickly
   sed '/foo/ s//bar/g' filename      # shorthand sed syntax

On line selection or deletion in which you only need to output lines
from the first part of the file, a "quit" command (q) in the script
will drastically reduce processing time for large files. Thus:

   sed -n '45,50p' filename           # print line nos. 45-50 of a file
   sed -n '51q;45,50p' filename       # same, but executes much faster

If you have any additional scripts to contribute or if you find errors
in this document, please send e-mail to the compiler. Indicate the
version of sed you used, the operating system it was compiled for, and
the nature of the problem. To qualify as a one-liner, the command line
must be 65 characters or less. Various scripts in this file have been
written or contributed by:

 Al Aab                   # founder of "seders" list
 Edgar Allen              # various
 Yiorgos Adamopoulos      # various
 Dale Dougherty           # author of "sed & awk"
 Carlos Duarte            # author of "do it with sed"
 Eric Pement              # author of this document
 Ken Pizzini              # author of GNU sed v3.02
 S.G. Ravenhall           # great de-html script
 Greg Ubben               # many contributions & much help

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